Evaluate with evidence

Use task-level exactness or rubric scores, severe-error rate, schema validity, p50/p95 latency under expected concurrency, availability, and dollars per successful request. Report by document type and language. Apply hard gates first, then compare utility such as quality minus weighted cost and latency. An evaluation is useful only if its result changes a choice: ship, hold, route, tune, collect data, or retire. Define that choice and its hard gates before selecting metrics.

For an invoice-extraction service, create cases from real task distributions plus intentionally difficult boundaries. Keep a locked set for final comparison and a development set for iteration. Include slices by input type, language, risk, and consequence. Random sampling estimates common behavior; targeted challenge sets expose rare severe failures. You need both.

Measure three layers separately:

1. Component evidence asks whether retrieval, memory selection, ranking, encoding, or coordination worked.
2. End-to-end quality asks whether the user’s task was completed correctly and safely.
3. Operational outcome asks about latency, cost, availability, escalation, and downstream value.

A benchmark estimates capability under a test setup; a deployment decision includes your prompts, data, traffic, risk, and operations. Parameter count is not quality, context limit is not effective recall, and a low token price is not a low cost per completed task. A component improvement is valuable only when it preserves gates and helps the end-to-end decision.

Suppose 84 of 100 cases pass. The observed pass rate is 84%, but another sample would differ. Report a confidence interval or bootstrap distribution, not false precision. For rare severe errors, count and inspect every event; an average quality score must not wash out a security or privacy breach.

Use deterministic scoring for exact properties such as schema validity or known calculations. Use human rubrics for nuanced correctness and harm. Model judges can scale review, but calibrate them against blinded human labels, measure agreement by slice, and periodically recheck after model or prompt updates.

Hold input cases, prompts, tools, timeouts, and scoring constant between candidates. Pair results case by case because the pattern of wins matters more than two independent averages. Record failures and adjudication notes. Reject contaminated cases that appeared in training only when the protocol says how contamination is detected.

Three invoice models score 94%, 96%, and 97% field accuracy. The 97% model costs $0.018/request and misses VAT IDs; the 96% model costs $0.006 and passes every critical-field gate. At one million requests, the difference is $12,000 monthly. Choose the middle model and route low-confidence handwritten invoices to the larger one. That trace demonstrates practical significance: a setting can raise one metric while violating a gate or harming a critical slice. The report should make that conflict visible.

Write a release rule such as: “Ship to 10% only if severe errors are zero on the challenge set, primary task success improves at least three points, every protected slice stays within two points, and p95 latency remains below the agreed budget.” After release, monitor the same constructs with production-appropriate proxies and delayed labels. Offline evaluation and online monitoring form a loop, not competing rituals.